The Ponsse Cobra takes steep slope harvesting in SA to the next level

Winch-assisted steep slope harvesting has come to South Africa for the first time, with two Ponsse Cobra wheeled harvesters doing the business in the KZN Midlands and Melmoth in Zululand. The harvesters are paired with Ponsse forwarders, a Ponsse Bison in the Midlands and the Ponsse Elephant King in Melmoth.


The Ponsse Bison forwarder delivers a load of timber to the roadside depot

These purpose-built machines take steep slope harvesting to the next level as they can work safely and productively on slopes up to 70% or more, depending on the ground conditions.

The machines are designed and manufactured by Ponsse of Finland and supplied and supported in South Africa by MTS Parts of Mbombela (Nelspruit). They are operated by leading Mondi contractors, Cintasign in the KZN Midlands and Mooiplaas Forestry in Melmoth.

Two experts in steep slope harvesting and Ponsse harvester operations and maintenance recently visited South Africa for two weeks to provide the contractors' harvesting teams with theoretical and practical training on steep slope harvesting. 

Ponsse Training Designer Anne Harkonen and Product Trainer Antti Hynonen spent a week working with each contractor. They covered the theoretical aspects of machine set-up, maintenance and operation, safety and planning in the classroom, followed by several days in the field.


Ponsse training day (left to right): Antti Hynonen (Ponsse Product Trainer), Ann Harkonen (Ponsse Training Designer) and Chris Odendaal (MTS Parts).

Their objectives were to enable the contractors' harvesting and technical teams to thoroughly familiarise themselves with the machines so that they know how to maintain and operate them properly and achieve maximum productivity without compromising safety.

The Ponsse Cobra is a versatile machine for cut-to-length clear-felling or thinning operations. It is equally adept working in gum or pine on flat or steep slopes thanks to the design of the bogeys and the levelling capabilities of the crane base and operator cockpit. It's exceptionally well balanced even in rough and uneven terrain, ensuring maximum operator comfort and safety.


Team members from Ponsse, MTS Parts and Cintasign contractors at the first steep slope harvesting training run with the Ponsse Cobra in the KZN Midlands.

Chris Odendaalof MTS Parts invited WoodBiz Africa & SA Forestry to the Midlands to watch the Cobra in action on a steep slope in Mondi's Newlands estate under the watchful eyes of the Ponsse trainers Anne and Antti. 

The visit was in the middle of an intense wet weather spell following days of torrential rain that made ground conditions wet and muddy. The Ponsse Cobra was fitted with wet-weather tracks, and a powerful Herzog Synchrowinch tethered to a sturdy tree stump at the top of the slope.

The experienced Cintasign operator at the controls, John Yende, was understandably apprehensive but quickly got into his stride once he started working his way down the slope. When tethered, the winch maintains a constant tension on the cable as the Cobra moves down the slope, allowing the operator to focus 100% on felling, de-barking and cross-cutting the logs with smooth precision.


Cintasign operator John Yende prepares to tackle the steep and slippery slope with the Ponsse Cobra tethered to a tree stump.

Anne explained that the machine must be able to work on the slope under its own braking system. At the same time, the winch merely provides 'assistance' – an added safety feature.

The Cobra was fitted with an H7 Euca harvesting head that completed the de-barking process in one clean pass that complies with Mondi's requirements. It achieved this without damaging the timber, thus minimising fibre loss in-field.

Cintasign's site manager, Jason Mennell, explained that they use excavator-based harvesters on flat terrain and will use the Ponsse on the steeper slopes. Because of its versatility, it can also work productively in flatter areas when required, giving the harvesting team more flexibility within their harvesting fleet.


It didn’t take long for the operator to get the hang of working his way down the steep slope.

One of the most significant advantages of deploying a mechanical harvester such as the Ponsse Cobra on steep slopes is safety, as the alternative is manual felling and processing with chainsaws, which comes with significant risks.

This first operation on a steep and slippery slope was successfully completed, and everyone involved went home happy with the day's work. Anne and Antti's next stop was Melmoth, where they spent a week training the Mooiplaas Forestry team.

The H7 Euca head attached to the Ponsse Cobra barely made a mark on the timber.

John Deere has a skidder for all forestry needs

John Deere skidders are based on a legacy of over 180 years of groundbreaking engineering and over 50 years of servicing the needs of forestry customers. They are designed to tackle the toughest jobs while maximising efficiency and operator comfort. 

John Deere LII line-up ensures that forestry operators can select a skidder tailored to their specific workloads, terrain, and operational requirements.

The latest John Deere skidder is the 768L-II six-wheel skidder designed for wet conditions and steep slopes

The Line-up

The John Deere L-II Series skidders vary in size and capacity and include the 640L-II, 648L-II, 748L-II, 848L-II and 948L-II models and the latest 768L-II six-wheel-bogie skidder. The engines comply with stringent emission standards, reflecting the company’s commitment to sustainability. (Models may not be offered in selected markets)

640L-II Cable Skidder: This model is equipped with the John Deere 6.8L tier III engine delivering 163kW (218 hp) and torque of 943 Nm. It is an exceptionally manoeuvrable and purpose-designed “standard” cable skidder.

648L-II Grapple Skidder: Featuring a 6.8L tier III engine that produces 163kW (218 hp) and 1025Nm of torque, the 648L-II comes with a standard grapple capacity of 1.2 m² and the option of a 1.48m² grapple capacity.This model balances versatility with performance, making it a popular choice for many operators. 

748L-II Grapple Skidder: Powered by a John Deere 6.8L tier III engine generating 180kW (242 hp) and 1050 Nm of torque, the 748L-II offers a standard grapple capacity of 1.48m² with the option of a 1.63 m² grapple. The robust power horse is designed to easily haul large loads.

848L-II Grapple Skidder: This model boasts a John Deere 9.0L tier III engine with an output of 210 kW (281 hp) and 1276 Nm of torque. It features a standard grapple capacity of 1.77m² and an optional 2.07m², making it suitable for demanding jobs involving high timber volumes. 

948L-II Grapple Skidder: The largest in the series, the 948L-II is equipped with the 9.0L engine delivering 224kW (300 hp) and an impressive torque of 1369Nm. It offers a substantial standard grapple capacity of 2.07m², providing unparalleled strength and stability for heavy-duty operations.

768L-II Six-wheel Bogie Skidder. The latest in the John Deere range of skidders, the 768L-II is designed for wet conditions and steep slopes. The six-wheel skidder combines tenacious tractive ability and flotation with reduced ground pressure, which enables it to carry larger loads over longer distances. It is driven by the John Deere 9.0L engine delivering 210kW (281 hp) and 1276Nm of torque and fitted with the standard 1.77m² grapple. However, customers can specify the optional 2.07m² grapple.

The John Deere 748L-II has a standard grapple capacity of 1.77m2 and an optional 2.07m2

Advanced technologies

The L-II Series Skidders incorporate several advanced features to enhance productivity, stability and ease of operation. 

Continuously Variable Transmission 

A standout feature is the Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT), which blends the efficiency of a direct-drive transmission with the smooth handling of a hydrostatic drive. This innovative technology increases fuel efficiency and reduces operator fatigue by providing seamless power delivery.

JDLink telematics

JDLink, John Deere’s core telematics system, is factory-installed on all machines, can be managed from a desktop or smartphone, and is free to use. 

JDLink provides remote access to crucial machine data, including fuel consumption, idle time, maintenance schedules and location tracking. This connectivity allows operators and managers to monitor fleet performance in real-time, reducing downtime and improving operational efficiency. 

Connected Support

Another key feature is Connected Support, which ensures machines stay operational and productive. With Connected Support, John Deere dealers can proactively monitor machine health and identify potential issues before they lead to costly breakdowns. This system leverages predictive diagnostics and remote troubleshooting to minimise maintenance delays and keep operations running smoothly.

Ergonomics

The skidders have ergonomically designed cabins featuring a rotating high back seat to improve driving and visibility rearward, always enabling better vision of the skid trail and load, configurable controls, and reduced noise levels. 

These enhancements improve operator comfort, enabling longer and more productive working hours in demanding conditions.

Support and financing solutions

In addition to offering cutting-edge equipment, John Deere provides tailored financial solutions to help buyers acquire the necessary machinery. 

John Deere Finance takes a hands-on approach, learning about each customer’s unique business requirements to develop customised payment plans.

The latest John Deere skidder is the 768L-II six-wheel skidder designed for wet conditions and steep slopes

The full package

John Deere offers a complete range of products designed to assist with harvesting applications such as tracked and wheeled harvesters, forwarders, forestry swing machines, knuckleboom loaders. For land preparation, silviculture, road building and maintenance, and the sawmill, products such dozers, graders, and wheel loaders complete John Deere’s impressive lineup of machines to assist with forestry applications.

Ask your local John Deere dealer for more information about the full range of John Deere Construction and Forestry products. 

Spier’s Soil Room highlights regeneration

At Spier, everything starts with the soil. Regeneration is the golden thread that runs through all farm life, from vineyard practices to indigenous propagation and replanting programmes.

The Spier Soil Room

Spier near Stellenbosch in the Western Cape is one of South Africa’s oldest family-owned working wine farms. Across all its areas of involvement, from land to community and art to entrepreneurship, the business employs a long-term, intentional, regenerative model.

The new Soil Room adjoining Spier’s Cowshed Shop displays Spier’s unending work in propagating indigenous species, restoring biodiversity, and keeping healthy ecosystems balanced.

The visionaries

The Soil Room makes tangible the life’s work of Spier’s dedicated team: people who have made it their mission to transform the farm, one living thing at a time. Meet three of them:

Wilton Sikhosana, Nursery Manager, has overseen the propagation of indigenous species for over two decades. “What we are doing is restorative work,” he explains. “Planting back all the indigenous and endemic plants removed from the farm. We’re trying to bring it back to how it was originally.”

Orlando Filander, Spier’s veteran Farm Manager, brings a custodial perspective. “This land doesn’t belong to us; we’re just the custodians of this farm, and everyone working on this farm aims to leave it in a better state.”

Angus McIntosh, Regenerative Farmer (Farmer Angus), highlights the role of soil health: “The more carbon we have in our soils, the more water and nutrients it can hold. We are trying to produce foods that are nutrient-dense and at the same time are building an ecosystem on the farm.”

The Soil Room includes indigenous plants like locally grown yellowwood trees, handmade wreaths, botanical inks extracted from South African plants, and Chris van Niekerk’s intricate Ecoskeletons sculptures made from foraged botanical materials. 

“Our work in The Soil Room is restorative creativity,” says Annebelle Schreuders, Managing Director of Spier Hospitality. “Every plant, every piece of art, and every conversation here ties back to the idea of injecting life back into the land.”

The Spier Soil Room offers a range of indigenous plants

Living Facts

• Over 17 697 trees, shrubs, and groundcover plants were planted last year to restore fynbos, wetlands, and landscapes across the farm.

• Since 2012, Spier’s nursery has cultivated and replanted over 102,957 trees, shrubs, and fynbos, propagating more than 1 million bulbs.

• Spier is one of 50 WWF-SA Conservation Champions.

• Spier’s Growing for Good initiatives help restore ecosystems, improve soil health, and support local communities through projects that educate and inspire understanding and love of the land. 

Read more at www.spier.co.za/growing-for-good.

Scaling urban nature-based solutions with trees

Food & Trees for Africa (FTA), a leading South African social enterprise spearheading environmental sustainability and food security, is partnering with the Johannesburg Inner City Partnership (JICP) and the Alexandra Water Warriors (AWW) and distributing 20,000 trees to homes in Alexandra and Lombardy East townships.

Trees for Africa are distributing 2,000 trees at FTA that form part of the distribution under the SUNCASA partnership

As part of this initiative, FTA will train local environmental champions to act as Community Educators (CEs). These individuals will receive specialised training in climate change, tree care, environmental ethics, and community engagement to ensure the success of this ambitious project over the next six months.

The partnership is part of the Scaling Urban Nature-based Solutions for Climate Adaptation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SUNCASA) project. SUNCASA aims to enhance resilience, gender equality, social inclusion, and biodiversity protection in Ethiopia, Rwanda, and South African urban communities. 

The World Resources Institute (WRI) and the International Institute of Sustainable Development (IISD) implement the project with funding from Global Affairs of Canada. 

The Trees for Homes (TFH) programme is FTA’s flagship urban forestry initiative. Launched in 1992, it was South Africa’s first township greening project. 

Under this initiative, households in Alexandra and Lombardy East will each receive fruit and indigenous trees, with substitutions for additional fruit trees if needed. The trees will provide fresh fruit while improving air quality, combating soil erosion, and supporting biodiversity in urban areas.

FTA’s approach places communities at the heart of its projects. A team of 25 Community Educators (CEs) from the AWW will oversee tree planting, ensuring that households are prepared to care for their new trees. FTA has managed ongoing monitoring and evaluation, using innovative tools to track tree survival rates and provide ongoing support to recipients.

“Our CEs are integral to the success of every project,” says Robyn Hills, FTA’s head of programmes. “By equipping local champions with skills in urban forestry and environmental stewardship, we empower them to create lasting change in their communities. The Warriors are already doing this; now we’re scaling up,” she adds.

Graduates of the training receive a certificate of participation, equipping them for future employment opportunities in the growing green economy.

Sustainable communities

This project is part of a broader vision to create sustainable, resilient communities in South Africa. The SUNCASA partnership integrates tree planting with capacity building, addressing pressing environmental and social challenges while contributing to global climate goals.

In Munsieville, Hammarsdale, and QwaQwa, FTA’s past interventions have left a legacy of vibrant green spaces and empowered communities. With this new collaboration, Alexandra and Lombardy East are poised to become leading examples of sustainable township greening in South Africa.

Food & Trees for Africa is South Africa’s first social enterprise dedicated to environmental sustainability, food security, and social justice. Through its flagship programmes, including Trees for Homes, FTA has planted millions of trees, improved urban and rural landscapes, and trained thousands of community educators, lasting impacting South Africa’s people and environment.

Timber gains traction in sub-Saharan Africa as CLT demand rises

By Joy Crane

The African construction sector is witnessing a significant shift toward sustainable building materials, with cross-laminated timber (CLT) a frontrunner in the transition to green construction. Researchers at the Universities of Stellenbosch and Pretoria point to mounting environmental concerns and climate adaptation needs as drivers of this transformation.

CLT, an engineered wood product known for its structural strength and environmental benefits, is gaining particular attention in the South African market. The material's ability to sequester carbon, combined with its low embodied energy compared to conventional materials like steel, bricks and cement, is gradually attracting commercial and residential developers.

"We're seeing a fundamental change in how African developers and architects approach material selection. The focus has moved beyond operational energy efficiency to considering the entire lifecycle impact of building materials," says Leander Moons of OMT Architects. 

The gluelam trusses were precision engineered at Holzbau Hess in Windhoek

BURJ Zanzibar

Most notably, the versatility of mass timber is recognised in the ambitious BURJ Zanzibar development. Following the worldwide trend of constructing large timber buildings, the 28-storey BURJ Zanzibar will be Africa's tallest hybrid timber building. At its core is a conventional steel-reinforced concrete structure surrounded by glue-laminated timber columns and beams, and modular CLT panels for floors, walls and ceilings. 

Moons and OMT are the architects. He says the timber tower building will promote mass timber manufactured from sustainably managed African plantation timber as the future building material. 

"Plantation forestry is expanding in East Africa. However, presently, there are not enough sawmills in East Africa producing kiln-dried and graded timber for CLT production", Moons explains. 

DfMA

A significant advantage of building with CLT is its compatibility with computer-aided design and manufacturing software that promotes a just-in-time construction process. The Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DfMA) approach redefines the construction landscape, particularly in mass timber projects. Focusing on sustainability, precision, and efficiency, it also focuses on standardisation and prefabrication. 

The. construction used 14,000 dowels and 25,000 screws.
Pic by Joy Crane

The system streamlines workflows, reduces errors, and accelerates project timelines. Research shows DfMA can cut project costs by up to 37% and reduce assembly time by 62% (www.civilengineer.org). 

In its Built Environment Report 2022-2023, Arup states, "Digital technology and data are transforming how we design and engineer buildings, enabling a deeper level of insight and allowing us to reduce operating costs and optimise the life of buildings. Embedding real-time data also provides our clients with valuable metrics to optimise the in-use performance of their assets". 

Tools like Building information modelling (BIM) improve and speed up construction because project managers, architects, engineers and trades collaborate seamlessly to optimise the allocation of resources and minimise wastage.

84 Harrington Street

A street view of 84 Harrington street during the construction phase.
Pic by Joy Crane

A groundbreaking example of the change in thinking in construction is 84 Harrington Street in Cape Town's District Six. It demonstrates how existing structures can be repurposed instead of demolished. The gloomy and musty building has transformed into a modern multi-use hotel and apartments with restaurants, a swimming pool deck and bar, and a commercial ground floor.

The development, now known as Neighbourgood, is South Africa's first mass timber retrofit and the world's tallest hemp building, featuring hempcrete blocks and hemp-based panels in its interior walls. The speed of adding three floors onto the six-storey building was unprecedented, and the combination of mass timber with hemp-based materials set new standards for sustainable building practices in Africa.

The professional team included Wolf and Wolf Architects, Moroff & Partners Consulting Engineers, Hulme & Associates Consulting Structural and Civil Engineers, R+N Master Builders, Holzbau Hess and Pirmin Jung.

The developer approached Christian Hess of Holzbau Hess to design and manufacture the engineered trusses and timber for the project.

Christian Hess and Dr Johann van der Merwe of Pretoria University on the eighth floor of 84 Harrington Street.
Pic by Joy Crane

Using the latest BIM and DfMA software, Hess spent a month in Germany with Pirmin Jung's timber engineers designing and specifying the project. It included:

"We over-engineered all dimensions by 40mm on both sides to encapsulate the connectors and enhance the safety and quality of the construction," Hess explains.

The CLT and laminated trusses were manufactured in Cape Town. It took two weeks to prepare the truss components and to transport them to Hess' factory in Windhoek, Namibia. The beams were sized, shaped, and drilled on his large Homag WBS140 CNC machine. 

Laser cut steel plates join the old and new structures

The components travelled back to Cape Town for assembly into 5m x 14m long beams at MTO's premises in Retreat. When the trusses were ready, they were loaded onto a truck for delivery to the site.

However, at that point, red tape and the elements put a spanner in the works. It took three days for the municipality to re-approve the route for the abnormally wide load and the temporary closure of Harrison Street. When the truck arrived, a 220-ton crane was ready to lift the massive trusses onto the building; however, six days of strong to gale-force winds made it impossible. 

Although the delays were frustrating for the installation teams, Hess says his 20 years of experience and careful planning for all contingencies kept the project on track. 

He highly values expertise and experience when working with mass timber. "When you connect timber to an existing building, there are always anomalies, and you must be ready for them. The materials are precisely engineered and pre-assembled, leaving little room for error, and the artisan must be able to identify problems like out-of-square existing concrete walls and solve them", Hess explains. 

Increased demand

In research towards his master's degree in architecture at the University of Pretoria, Mishau Azar found a growing interest in the adaptive reuse of inner-city buildings like the Harrington Street development.

"Respondents to my questionnaire identified various benefits of mass timber, including reduced foundation size, speed of construction and the precision offered by CNC technology. 

South Africa's two CLT suppliers, XLam and Mass Timber Technologies (MTT) report increasing demand across multiple sectors. 

"The market has evolved significantly over the past few years," notes Marcus van der Hoven, Director of MTT. "We're seeing interest from individual homeowners, commercial developers, and the eco-tourism sector, where sustainable construction aligns perfectly with their brand values. 

Training

On a cautionary note, Hess and Belinda Duncan of Terraverta Habitats assert that mass timber on-site installation teams need specialist training. The scale of the timber and size of the connectors differ from those used in joinery and furniture manufacturing. Hess believes it is essential for installation teams to be exposed to and mentored by international best practices. 

Young Eucxylo researcher wins local Blue Sky Award

Christopher Erasmus, completing a master’s in electrical and electronic engineering, has developed an award-winning solar-powered wireless dendrometer and environmental sensing system for the forestry industry. 

Chris Erasmus

This device accurately tracks tree growth patterns, water dynamics, and environmental stressors such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. It offers a cost-effective, low-maintenance solution, reducing the need for human intervention while ensuring consistent accuracy and reliability.

Eucalyptus is the most widespread hardwood in the world, and plantations have emerged as a critical global resource, spanning nearly 20 million hectares globally. The wood is a crucial global resource, offering raw materials for renewable energy sources, recyclable fibres, joinery and furniture products. 

As the demand for these resources grows, monitoring and managing Eucalyptus forests sustainably is essential. Erasmus developed a dendrometer and environmental sensor system to assist the monitoring process. A dendrometer measures variations in tree stem diameter over time, including short-term diurnal fluctuations and long-term growth trends. 

During the day, stomata in leaves open, allowing transpiration, the process by which water is lost from the tree to the atmosphere. Due to the development of negative pressures in the conductive xylem (wood), as the rate of water loss often exceeds the rate of water uptake from the roots, this water loss causes a temporary reduction in stem diameter. At night, when the stomata close, the tree equilibrates with the soil, and the stem diameter expands. 

Chris worked with Dr Dave Drew and Eucxylo to develop a generic point dendrometer to measure these variations. EucXylo, a Research Chair funded by the Hans Merensky Legacy Foundation, focuses on the ecophysiology, growth, and wood formation in eucalypts.

Erasmus developed ten wireless dendrometers and environmental sensor systems. He deployed them on Eucalyptus trees, six in Stellenbosch, South Africa, and four in Leiria, Portugal. 

They measure tree stem growth and air and soil conditions and transmit data via LoRaWAN to a cloud-based platform (ThingSpeak) with local SD-card backups. Nine systems collect data at six-minute intervals, while one collects at 11-minute intervals. 

The use of LoRaWAN technology for near real-time data transmission is a novel system feature, providing immediate insights into environmental conditions and tree growth. The capability allows for timely data collection and analysis, crucial for dynamic and responsive research and management practices. It also eliminates the need for cables, which can be a limiting factor for infield experiments. 

The dataset provides comprehensive measurements of tree stem growth, offering valuable insights into the growth rates, patterns, and overall health of Eucalyptus plantations. This detailed data allows researchers to track how trees develop over time and how they respond to different environmental conditions. 

By collecting data from South Africa and Portugal, the dataset allows for comparative studies of Eucalyptus growth across different geographical regions and climates. This comparison can reveal how regional environmental conditions influence tree growth and health, contributing to more informed global forestry practices. The trees in the different regions are also of various ages and sizes. 

The dataset is a valuable resource for future research in forestry, environmental science, and agricultural studies. It offers a solid foundation for further investigations and practical applications in these fields.

Source: Erasmus, Christopher & Booysen, M.J. (Thinus) & Drew, David. (2024). Dataset of dendrometer and environmental parameter measurements of two different species of the group of genera known as eucalypts in South Africa and Portugal. Data in Brief. 57. 111035. 10.1016/j.dib.2024.111035.

Version GWD9 strapped to a eucalypt in Leiria, Portugal . It has a solar panel and 3dbi antenna. These images are from Chris Erasmus' research thesis
The electronics of Chris Erasmus' generic datalogger and sensor module connection points

FSC makes several appointments in Africa 

Annah Agasha: Deputy Director Africa 

Annah Agasha brings 20 years of experience in forestry, natural resource management, and local development to her new role as FSC Deputy Director for Africa. Previously the Eastern Africa Sub-Regional Coordinator for FSC, Annah will oversee the implementation and expansion of forest management certification and the FSC Ecosystem Services portfolio across the continent. Her responsibilities include supporting the effective delivery and implementation of FSC policies, standards, and procedures, strengthening strategies to tackle labour issues in Africa, and fostering key collaborations to advance FSC's mission to promote responsible management of the world's forests.

Annah Agasha

Bilha Asunda: Operations Manager

Bilha has been instrumental in establishing FSC Africa's new office and streamlining operations. In her new role, she will continue to enhance operational efficiency and support the execution of key projects.

Bilha Asunda

David Gaynor: Ecosystem Services Regional Lead for Africa

David brings vast experience and expertise in conservation to this role, where he will lead the development of the FSC Ecosystem Services and Verified Impact portfolio.

He will focus on supporting businesses and forest managers to strengthen a regional pipeline of potential ecosystem services projects in certified forests for sustainable finance instruments.

David Gaynor

Gerard Busse: Promoted to Market Development Manager for Africa & Middle East

Gerard will lead efforts to grow the Chain of Custody and FSC Trademarks programmes across these regions. With a strong track record in marketing, communications, and sub-regional coordination, Gerard is well-positioned to drive FSC's market expansion. 

Gerard Busse

Israel Bionyi: Promoted to Senior Regional Communications Manager

Israel will continue to elevate FSC's brand visibility and showcase the impact of our work in promoting responsible forest management across Africa.

Israel Bionyi

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